Indian astrology/Hindu astrology is the method of calculating planets and stars that was developed in India. Even today, almanacs are prepared using this method, on the basis of which religious ceremonies and festivals are celebrated across the country. In the present times, most of the almanacs are presented using the method of Surya Siddhant, Makarand Saranis, and Grahalaghav. Some almanacs are also prepared using the Nautical Almanac, but these are often adapted to the Indian decision system.

In ancient India, the ancient art of astrology meant the study of the movements of planets and stars, i.e. the study of the universe. Over time, due to the inclusion of astrology, the meaning of the word astrology changed, and now it is considered to be the science of predicting the fate of people.

Introduction to Astrology and History

The oldest available literature on the art of astrology in India is Vedic literature—Indians of the Vedic period used to perform yagya. To get specific results of Yagyas, it was necessary to perform them at the prescribed time; hence, from the Vedic period itself, Indians started gaining knowledge of time from the positions of the Sun and the Moon through Vedhas. According to the details given in the report of the Panchang Reform Committee (page 218), the Aryans of the Rigveda period had acquired knowledge of the lunisolar year calculation system. They also knew the 12 lunar months and the super month which relates the lunar months to the solar year. The constellation of the Moon expresses the day.

He had knowledge of the lunar zodiac, which was helpful in understanding the lunar movements. The number of days in the year was 366, from which 12 days were subtracted for the lunar year. According to the report, the time of the Aryans of the Rig Vedic period must be at least 1,200 years BC. According to Lokmanya BAL Gangadhar Tilak’s Orayan, this time falls about 4000 years before the Shaka era.

During the Yajurveda period, Indians named 12 months as Madhu, Madhav, Shukra, Shuchi, Namas, Namasya, Ish, Urja, Sahasra, Tapas and Tapasya. Later, on the same Purnima, depending on the constellation of the Moon, Chaitra, Vaishakh, Jyeshtha, Ashadh, Shravan, Bhadrapada, Ashwin, Kartik, Margashirsha, Paush, Magh and Phalgun were formed. The complete number of constellations and the names of their presiding deities are also found in Yajurveda. Yajurveda also imagines Tithi and Paksha, North and South Ayana and Equinox day.

Equinox day is the day when the Sun is at the intersection of the equator and the ecliptic. According to Shri Shankar Balkrishna Dixit, the Aryans of Yajurveda period had knowledge of Guru, Venus and Rahu-Ketu. Scholars disagree regarding the period of composition of Yajurveda. Even if we take the opinion of Keith, a Western bias, then Yajurveda was composed 600 years before Christ. After this comes the period of Vedanga astrology, which ranges from 1,400 BC to 400 BC.

According to Vedanga astrology, an era of five years has been considered, which consists of 1830 mean Saavan days, 62 lunar months, 1860 Tithis and 67 sidereal months. The names of the five years of the era are Samvatsar, Parivatsar, Idavatsar, Anuvatsar and Idvavatsar. According to this, dates and lunar constellations were calculated. According to this, the mean Sawan days of the months have also been calculated.

The important thing that we find in Vedanga astrology is the concept of the era, in which the favourable date etc., has been determined by finding the medium speed on the basis of direct observations of the Sun and Moon. In the texts of later theoretical astrology, the middle planets have been determined by adopting this system.

There is no book available for astrological calculations within the Vedanga and Siddhanta Astrology periods. But in the literature of this period, there is such evidence from which it is clear that the knowledge of astrology has been increasing; for example, at many places in the Mahabharata, there is a description of the position of the planets, planetary conjunction, planetary war etc. It is clear from this that during the time of Mahabharata, Indians were aware of the positions of the planets and their positions.

The first sacred text written using the Siddhanta Astrology system is Aryabhata I’s Aryabhatiyam (Saka No. 421). After that, there is Siddhantpanchika edited by Barahamihir (Saka No. 427), which contains the collection of Pitamah, Vasistha, Romak, Pulish and Surya Siddhantas. This shows that these canonical texts were prevalent before Barahamihir, but there is no indication of the period of their creation. Generally, Indian astrology writers have considered them as Apaurusheya. Modern scholars have estimated their periods, and they are different from each other.

It is certain that these Vedanga had become prevalent during the time of astrology and Barahamihir. The main scriptures written after this are Brahmasphutasiddhanta of Brahmagupta (Shaka no. 520), Shishyadhivrudhid of Lall (Shaka no. 560), Siddhantashekhar of Seipati (Shaka no. 961), Siddhantashiromani of Bhaskaracharya (Shaka no. 1036), and Ganesh (Shaka no. 1420). )’s Grahalaghav and Kamalakar Bhatt’s (Saka No. 1530) Siddhanta-Tattva-Viveka.

There are two classifications of texts on mathematical astrology: Siddhant texts and Karan texts. Siddhanta texts are written according to the Yandi or Kalpadi method, and Karana texts are written according to the calculation method used to begin a doubt. The main topics covered in mathematics and astrology texts are:

• Calculation of medium planets.
• Calculation of apparent planets.
• Direction.
• Country and time.
• Sun and Moon eclipse.
• Planetary conjunction.
• The shadow of planets.
• Rising of planets from Sun conjunction.
• Rising of Moon.
• Analysis of leaves and analysis of instruments.

Middle planet calculation

The rotation of the Earth relative to the planet’s axis is called a gyration. In the Siddhant texts, divisions are given between the Yugas, or Kalpagrahas. The number of Sawan days is also provided in the middle of Yuga or Kalpa. If the planets are in Meshadi at the beginning of the Yuga or Kalpa, then by knowing the middle day (Ahargana), the middle planet can be taken out from Trirashika. According to the definition of Bhagana, the average speed of Mercury and Venus is considered to be the same as that of the Sun. Their maximum speed has been considered equal to their actual speed. These planets come north of the meridian of Rekhadesh, i.e. Ujjaini, and are made the Sun and sunrise of their place through longitude and variable rates.

Dim and clear planet

The portion of the apparent Sun and Moon at the time when the apparent speed of the apparent Sun and Moon is lowest should be considered as the offering of their Mandyokha. The difference between clear Ravi Moon and medium Ravi Moon is called Mandaphal. There will be a trough at a distance of 180 from the trough. From Mandochocha to six zodiac signs, the clear Sun and Moon lag behind the medium Sun and Moon. That’s why the slow result is debt. Mandakendra is the noun for the difference between a planet from its maximum to its maximum. At a difference of 3 zodiac signs from Mandyokha, Mandhaphal is Paramardhi. It is called retarded fruit.

From Mandhanich to Mandochocha, the clear planet is ahead of the middle planet, hence Mandhaphal is wealth. To find out the dim effect of the dimly visible Sun and Moon, two types of areas are imagined, which are called Bhangi. The name of the first one is Prativrutta Bhangi. Considering the Earth as the centre, a circle was drawn with half of its radius; it became an orbit. By cutting a circle equal to the sine of the diminished hyperbola on its vertical diameter and drawing a circle with a radius of 1 radius from the centre, it will be a retarded reflex. The middle planet was imagined to be moving in retrograde. If an arc is cut in the orbit circle equal to the centroid, then there will be a middle planet of the orbit. Where the line drawn from the Earth’s centre to the planet located on the ecliptic lies in orbit, it will be a faint planet. The difference between the middle and the faintest planet in the orbit will be dim. For the lowest declination, a circle is drawn from the middle planet located on the orbit with half the diameter equal to the obtuse tangent, which is called the obtuse circle.

The line going from the centre of the orbit to the middle planet, where it touches the faint perihelion, is considered an aphelion, and in the faint perihelion, the planet is imagined in the opposite direction, at equal degrees from the centre. The place where the line joining the Earth’s centre to the planet (the hypotenuse) intersects the orbit, there will be a faint planet. In this way, the Sun and Moon, dimmed, are visible to us at those places because we see their movement relative to the Earth’s centre. There is a similar idea of getting negative results for the remaining planets also. Their Mandyokha is known by comparing the clear planet with the knowledge of the dim and clear planet. These dim planets are not visible because the Earth is not the centre of its rotation. It is clear from the above discussion that a faint planet is the longitude of a planet rotating in its orbit. Therefore, quick results have been envisioned for the five planets to create the landscape.

Clear planet

Early results are expected to clarify Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn. For this also, Bhangies like Mind Prativrutta and Mandeni Chicca are imagined, for which the word Sushi is placed in place of Mind. For interplanetary planets, only the actual intermediate planets are called Svidya Vochcha. The maximum elongation angle between them is called ultimate elongation, and the sine of ultimate elongation is called ultimate elongation. The difference between the planet (Madhyamaravi) and the extreme is the extreme center. In this, early fruits are taken out by making bhangis like those made for late fruits. By this type of Sanskar, the position of the planet becomes known by observing the planet’s preferred Sun and Moon angle. For exoplanets, the maximum speed of heliocentric parallax and the speed of the Sun are considered to be the maximum speed. The Acharyas have prescribed the method of performing the rituals of early fruit in such a way that the actual offering of the available planets can be achieved.

Planetary orbits

The orbits of the planets are progressively further away from the Earth in the order of Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Earth, Jupiter and Saturn. Their center is considered to be the Earth. Although the radius of each orbit has been assumed to be equal to the radius for the means of the planets, yet due to the difference in their radii, their distances come in different types. On comparing the instants and radii with the planetary orbital diameter and Sun orbital diameter, the diameters of the orbits of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn are .3694, .7278, 1.5139, 5.1429 and 9.2308, respectively, relative to the distance of the Sun from the Earth. Modern microscopic values are .3871, .7233, 1.5237, 5.2028 and 9.5288. The coincidence of the planet’s orbit and the ecliptic is called Paat. The path of travel of the planet is called the universe. The angle between the ecliptic and the sphere is called ultimate deflection. Their values have been found to be geocentric. Tamograha Rahu and Ketu are always visualized on the sides of the Moon. The motion of the leaf is reversed.

Lien rights include the mathematics of eclipses of the Sun and the Moon. An eclipse of the Moon is considered to be due to its entry into the penumbral shadow, and a solar eclipse is supposed to be due to the Moon covering the Sun. Due to parallax in a solar eclipse, there is a vast difference between the geocentric Moon and the Moon visible to us. Therefore, knowledge of parallax is used for this.

In Chandrasringonnati, the phases of the Moon are known. In Grahachhayadhikar, Vedha is mentioned in the sunrise period and Ishta period of the planets.